INTRODUCTION:

The herbal formulations formulated using herbs are the medicinal preparation of one or more herbs present in specified quantities to give the benefits meant for cosmetic, diagnose and to mitigate diseases of human beings or animals¹. Because of the minimum side effect and better consistent with the human body about 70-80% people are still consuming herbal medicine for their primary health². Products derived from the plants still remain the most important source of pharmaceutical agents used³. Bioactive constituents of plants amongst the most significant are the steroids, the tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds.

Before checking its effectiveness for the medical purpose, it is enviable to know the phytochemical constituents present in the plant. Many plants are the main natural sources of medicinal compounds that are introduced in the present pharmacopoeias⁴.

Native to India and Nepal, Ougeinia oojeinensis (also known as Ougeinia dalbergioides Benth) is a flowering tree.^{It is an introduce species in Pakistan5}. It usually grows 6-12 meters tall of which leaves are quite large & trifoliate, with rigid, leathery leaflets. Plant can be identified by the brown, deeply cracked bark. During February and May the pink flowers blooms. The fruit is a linear, light brown in colour and a flat pod⁶. ^{The plant has found many applications in
pharmaceuticals7. Locally it is known commonly as Tinsa, Sandan, and Panjan8.}

Plant profile:

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Phanerogamia

Division: Angiospermia

Class: Dicotyledons

Subclass: Calyciflora

Order: Fabaceae

Family: Fabaceae

Genus: Ougeinia Benth.

Species: Ougeinia oojeinensis

Synonyms: Ougeinia dalbergioides Benth¹.

Nomenclature:

The nomenclature of O. oojeinensis selected for the current overview has undergoes periodical adjustments. In 1832 it was named as Dalbergia oojeinensis Roxb which later became named Ougeinia dalbergioides Benth in 1876. In 1909 in Geneva, Hochr in keeping with magazine Bull. Soc. But the today's actual call for the plant selected was Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.)⁹.

Geographical source:

The herb Ougeinia oojeinensis is found in the outer Himalayas and sub-Himalayan tracts from Jammu to Bhutan up to an altitude of 1500 m and extending throughout the whole of northern and central India into the greater part of Deccan peninsula. Sandan /Tinsa is common, sometimes almost gregarious in mixed deciduous forests. This species is not found in wet regions. It grows on a wide variety of soils and thrives even on poor ground, however, it does not attain large dimension. Its best growth and greatest size is attained in the lowlands on alluvial soils¹⁰.

Botanical description:

The leaves can be described as pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets are large, stipulate; stipules free and deciduous. Flowers are densely fascicled racemes in the leaf – axils and on antique wood; pedicels found as filiform, fascicled alongside the rachis; bracts small, scale-like; bracteoles underneath the calyx, minute, persistent. Calyx-tube campanulate, the lobes are obtuse that are found in 2 lips, the higher of two connate, the decrease of 3. Exserted corolla, rose coloured or white, the petals clawed; fashionable suborbicular; wings obliquely oblong, spurred, barely agnate to the obtuse incurved keel, Stamens are diadelphous, nine and 1; anthers uniform. Ovary scssile, many – ovuled; fashion incurved, subulate; stigma capitate. The Pod is linear, elongate, flat, of two or extra oblong, large, extra or much less distinct, scarcely dehiscent joints. Seeds compressed, reniform; cotyledons foliaceous; strophiole¹¹.

Morphology:

The species of O. oojeinensis normally attaining 40-50 cm diameter breast height and 7-14 meters in height is a medium sized semi-deciduous tree. The stem is almost crooked, however in a few regions the tree is straight. The bark is a touch difficult and exfoliates in choppy skinny tender scales of color converting from its light pinkish-brown to darkish bluish gray color. Leaves are usually pinnately trifoliate, clean above and gently pubescent under the obovate leaflets are usually 6-12cm long and 2-15cm wide, however the length vary significantly and complete Leaf margins. The plant clusters from February to May that seem within side as light-red to white plants. The previous 12 months branches frequently do now no longer endure plants. Branches bearing plants are leafless, whilst closing keeps leaves. Flowers light-pink to white. The previous year’s branches generally do not bear flowers. Branches bearing flowers are leafless, while others retain leaves. Pods have a wonderful seam, are 5-10cm long and 1 cm wide. They mature and end up ripen in May to June and fall mainly in June. Normally, pods continue to be closed till seeds germinate. Mature pod yields 2-5 viable seeds. The smooth brown seeds are 10-12mm long and 5mm wide. Seed production not heavy each year^12,13.

Phytochemical constituents:

Phytochemical additives discovered in leaves and heartwood contained the dalbergioidin, homoferreirin and ougenin, in addition leaves moreover contained quercetin, kaempferol and leucopelaragonidin. Stem bark includes the lupeol and betulin. The bark includes 7% tannins. Additionally it includes Genistein, Ferreirin, neophellamuretin, orobol, wedelolactone¹⁴.

Medicinal Uses:

The juice of the root when combined with the powder of black pepper, is taken in instances of eye trouble. It is beneficial to control the diabetes. A paste of bark is used topically to cure cuts and wounds. Sap exudates. Is used to make a medication towards dysentery. The gum is astringent¹⁵. An extract of the stembark with methanol carries alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, proteins and carbohydrates that has an anti-inflammatory, acrid, cooling, antispasmodic, astringent, depurative, febrifuge, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, styptic and sudorific activity. Also it is used to deal with a variety of situations consisting of dysentery diarrhea, and fevers, and is stated to be additionally beneficial within side the remedy of anemia, ulcers and leucoderma.

Other Uses:

Bark fibres are used for making rope. A red, transparent, astringent gum is received from incisions to the trunk. It is hard to work, however turns properly and takes polish readily. It is likewise a uniqueness wood for marine plywood. It is fantastically valued in India for making agricultural implements, makes top notch furniture, is beneficial for carriage constructing and is likewise utilized in construction¹⁶.

Reported pharmacological activity:

1. Antispasmodic action:

Khare C.P et al. compiled in the Encyclopedia of Indian Medicinal Plants showed that 50% ethonolic extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis stem bark confirmed antispasmodic movement on remoted guinea – pig ileum and susceptible CNS – depressant impact in mice. The extract of the complete plant confirmed anti – inflammatory impact in opposition to carrageenin-induced paw oedema and analgesic impact in rats. The ethanolic extract of the stem bark and the complete plant confirmed hypotensive action in cat/dog¹⁷.

2. Antioxidant activity:

Sahu et al. (2008) suggested the antioxidant activity of ethanolic bark extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis on the CCl4-triggered liver damage in rats. In hepatotoxic rats, liver damage became studied with the utilization ful resource of the use of assessing parameters which contains lipid peroxidation levels, catalase activity, peroxidase activity and SOD sports activities were employed as biomarkers of liver damage, beneathneath manipulate state of affairs and after the control of 100 mg/kg and hundred mg/kg, respectively. Result shows that the ethanolic bark extract of O. oojeinensis showed a huge antioxidant activity. SOD, catalase and peroxidase sports activities were increased, whilst lipid peroxidation is extensively decreased withinside the ethanolic bark extract-dealt with group, in assessment to the CCl4 group. Hence, the ethanolic bark extract, at the aforementioned doses, showed massive protection beneathneath CCl₄-triggered hepatocellular injury¹⁸.

3. Hepatoprotective activity:

Sahu et al. (2009) evaluated that the hepatoprotective impact of bark of ethanol extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis in male wistar albino rats handled with carbon tetrachloride. Liver harm became studied via way of means of assessing parameters together with serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and bilirubin in serum. The impact of management of ethanolic extract at dose of a hundred mg/kg and 2 hundred mg/kg at the above parameter became in addition investigated. Results discovered that the suspension of ethanolic extract confirmed sizable hepatoprotective activity (P<0.05) via way of means of decreasing the stages of the biochemical parameters in experimental animals. The ethanolic extract of each doses afforded sizable safety in opposition to CCL₄ caused hepatocellular injury. Histopathological research too, are in conformity with findings¹⁹.

4. Anthelmintic activity:

Gunasekaran et al. (2009), evaluated that the in-vitro anthelmintic pastime the utilization of earth worms, spherical worms and tape worms via way of means of aqueous and alcoholic extracts. Two extraordinary doses of 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml awareness of extraordinary extracts on evaluation with albendazole. In-vivo anthelmintic pastime became achieved on sheep. The extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis exhibited a dose structured inhibition of spontaneous motility (paralysis) and evoked responses to pin prick. Both the extract suggests the big anthelminitic pastime²⁰.

5. Wound healing potency:

Sahu et al. (2010) evaluated that the wound recuperation efficiency of ethanol and aqueous bark extracts of O. oojeinensis. Excision wound version became want to assess the wound recuperation hobby of the extracts on wistar rats. Both the ethanol and aqueous bark extracts promoted the wound recuperation hobby significantly, while as compared to the manage institution of animals. Ethanol extract own higher wound recuperation belongings than the aqueous extract²¹.

6. Wound healing potency:

Gunasekaran et al. (2011) said the wound recovery interest of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Ougeinia oojeinensis root became evaluated the utilization of excision, incision and useless area wound fashions on albino rats, the doses selected are the ED50 values as decided within the extreme toxicity studies, administered orally. Among the two extracts, the foremost interest became recorded withinside the ethanol extract observed through aqueous extract. However while as compared with the manage each the extracts are located to have widespread wound recovery selling interest. The outcomes are similar with the Framycetin sulphate cream used as reference drug²².

6. Antidiabetic activity:

Singh et al. (2011) evaluated that the antidiabetic activity of the methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves of Ougeinia oojeinensis. This became examined in regular and streptozotocin-prompted diabetic rats, the utilization of oral management of methanol and an aqueous extract (one hundred and 2 hundred mg/kg frame weight) of Ougeinia oojeinensis leaves. The experimental information discovered that every extracts has good sized antihyperglycemic pastime in streptozotocin-prompted rats as compared to an equivalent old drug²³.

7. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity:

Velmurugan et al. (2011), changed into evaluated the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic impact of ethanolic extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis (200mg/kg) bark with measurements including, frame weight, blood glucose level, urine glucose and biochemical parameters and changed into additionally examined for its efficacy in alloxan-triggered diabetic rats. The extracts confirmed significant (p<0.01) antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic interest compared to diabetic control. The extract suggests useful outcomes on blood glucose and urine glucose level. It additionally reduces the increased biochemical parameters²⁴.

8. Antioxidant activity:

Shinde et al. (2011), turned into studied antioxidant hobby of hydroethanolic extract of stem bark of Ougeinia oojeinensis the usage of diverse in vitro assays. The antioxidant hobby of the extract turned into evaluated through the usage of the unfastened radical scavenging hobby assay (DPPH method). The findings indicated promising antioxidant hobby of the hydroethanolic extract of stem bark of Ougeinia oojeinensis²⁵.

9. Protective effect:

Verma et al. (2012), turned into decided defensive impact of Ougeinia oojeinensis extract on alloxan caused diabetes in experimental animals. Studies found out powerful law of hematological parameter. Extract additionally verified insulinomometic impact and inhibit glucose metabolizing enzyme²⁶.

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Received on 01.09.2021 Modified on 17.10.2021

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2022; 12(1):17-20.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2022.00004