INTRODUCTION:

Traditional medicinal plants have a significant worldwide presence, especially in India, where they are extensively employed for the intervention of various illnesses. These natural remedies are preferred over allopathic medicines for multiple reasons¹. The use of naturally derived medicines has risen tremendously in the last few decades.

Herbal medicines are getting popularized in developed and developing countries due to their fewer side effects and natural origin. Traditional herbal medicines are used by about 60% of the World’s population^2,3. In India there are over 45 thousand distinct plant species. India is among one of the largest producers of herbal medicines and so for this reason India is being rightfully considered as the botanical garden of world⁴. One of the highly recognized ayurvedic medicine among all is G. glabra. According to Charak Sanhita 4 “Medhya Rasayana” are described to enhance memory, cognition, nerve functions. G. glabra is among the 4 described “Medhya Rasayana”⁵. The Greek words "glykos" (sweet) and "rhiza" (root) are used to designate the genus glycyrrhiza. Since more than 4000 years ago, the herbal plant has been utilised as medicine. Terpenoids were discovered during the phytochemical screening of G. glabra, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Alcohols, aldehyde and Saponins. Licorice’s principle chemical component is glycyrrhizin and it is responsible for its various pharmacological activities. in vivo & in vivo study of glycyrrhiza glabra revealed its various pharmacological activities like Immunomodulatory, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Memory enhancement, Antistress activity.⁶

PLANT PROFILE⁷:

Fig.1: Whole Plant of Glycyrrhiza glabra

Fig. 2: Roots of plant Glycyrrhiza glabra

TAXONOMY:⁸

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Angiospermae

Class: Dicotyledonae

Family: Leguminosae

Genus: Glycyrrhiza

Species: Glabra Linn

VERNACULAR/COMMON NAMES:⁹

Sanskrit: Yashti - Madhuh. Madhuka

Bengali: ashtimadhu, Jaishbomodhu

Hindi: Jothi-madh, Mulhatti

Marathi: Jeshtamadha

English: Licorice, Liquorice

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:

Licorice, a herbaceous perennial reaching up to 1m in height, features pinnate leaves measuring 7-15cm. Its flowers are arranged in hermaphrodite inflorescence, ranging from purple to pale greyish blue, with around 9-17 leaflets. The fruit is an oblong legume, 2-3cm in length. The Glycyrrhiza genus (Fabaceae) comprises approximately 30 species, including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza inflata, Glycyrrhiza aspera, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Licorice typically thrives near streams or rivers, favoring clay or sandy soil with ample water. The roots and rhizomes, particularly those of G. glabra, are crucial and are used alone or in combination with other herbs for digestive system-related disorders, making them the most frequently utilized part of the plant.^10,11

HABITAT:

Liquorice is cultivated in the UK, France, Italy, USA, Russia, China, Germany, Spain, and the Northern parts of India (Punjab & Sub-Himalayan tracts). It is also distributed in Iran, Syria, Southern Europe, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Russian liquorice (G. glabra var. glandulifera) grows in Russia, and Iranian cultivation includes G. glabra var. violacea. Generally, Glycyrrhiza glabra prefers fertile, sandy soil, full sun to slight shade, and is commonly found in wide fields, along riverbanks, and in disturbed environments like roadside ditches and abandoned farms. Research in various locations, including Turkey and Uzbekistan, indicates that the plant thrives in soils with a pH range of 7.5 to 8.5, high organic matter content, a semi-arid environment, and well-drained soils.^12,13

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:

Glycyrrhiza glabra root contains active constituents like flavonoids (Liquiritigenin, Liquiritin, Glucoliquiritin apiopside, Licorylcoumarin, Shinpterocarpin, 1-Metho-xyphaseolin, Coumarin-GU-12). Four phenolic constituents with isoprenoid groups (1-methoxyficifolinol, licoriphenone semilicoisoflavone B, and isoangustone A) and prenylated isoflavan derivative kanzonol R are present. The yellow tint of licorice is attributed to flavonoid concentration, with Glabridin, an isoflavane, found in G. glabra root extract. Glycyrrhizin, a saponin, is 60 times sweeter than sugarcane and contains triterpenoid aglycone and glycyrrhetic acid linked to glucuronic acid disaccharide. In humans, glycyrrhizin is metabolized to glycyrrhetinic acid, and their pharmacological activities are similar.^14-17

OTHER USES:

Licorice, historically recommended for health, includes Madhuka decoction with honey for anaemia and cow's milk with G. glabra to enhance lactation. Charaka's prescriptions include a mixture of powdered Madhuka, honey, and milk as a sexual and intellect tonic. For Haematemesis, Yashtiomadhu and Santalum album with milk are suggested. G. glabra root solution serves as a hair loss and aging shampoo, and its paste is applied for intrinsic bleeding. A warm clarified butter mixture infused with G. glabra treats burns, wounds, and bruises. Licorice-infused rice milk confectionery helps voice hoarseness, while a paste of licorice and sesamum indica with butter reduces oedema. Licorice decoction treats erysipelas, and Yashti in Narikelanjana eye drops aids conjunctivitis. Licorice serves as a flavouring agent in pharmaceuticals, beverages, confectionery, and the candy industry. Glycyrrhizin demonstrates foaming properties.^18,19

REPORTED PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES:

Antitussive activity:

Liquorice's antitussive activity was studied in albino mice using an ethanolic preparation, showing a significant 35.62% cough-suppressant effect compared to Codeine Sulphate (Jahan Y et al., 2012). Another investigation assessed the antitussive and mucolytic effects of fourteen compounds, along with extracts from three G. glabra species, utilizing an ammonia-induced cough model and phenol red production model in mice. Liquiritin, liquiritigenin (3), liquiritin (2), and apioside (1) demonstrated potent antitussive and expectorant activities.^20,21

Anti-inflammatroy activity:

The research investigated the anti-inflammatory impact of a hydro-alcoholic preparation derived from the root of G. glabra in rat paw inflammation model induced by carrageenan. The oral administration of various doses at 100, 200 and 300mg/kg was utilized for the assessment. The extract demonstrated a maximum inhibitory effect of 46.86% on carrageenan elicited paw inflammation at dose of 200mg/kg. it also inhibited Leukocyte migration and effect was proportional with dosage. The Anti-swelling effect of G. glabra was comparable to standard NSAID, Indomethacin (10m/kg). Ursolic acid, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, Isoliquiritigenin inhibited gene expression of COX-2, ICAM-1 and TNF-α & showed Anti-inflammatory activity.^22-24

Antioxidant activity:

Glycyrrhiza glabra root extracts, primarily the methanolic extract, were tested for antioxidant properties. The crude methanolic root extract exhibited a 90% inhibition of DPPH, showcasing significant free radical quenching activity. The pure methanol-based root extract from G. glabra demonstrated antioxidant efficacy comparable to the conventional antioxidant BHA. Additional research confirmed the presence of antioxidant principles in the methanol-based extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra, with antioxidant activity assessed through DPPH and FRAP assays in another study^25-28.

Memory enhancing activity:

To evaluate learning and memory in diazepam-induced amnesia, one-month-old male Wistar rats received four doses (75, 150, 225, and 300mg/kg) of an aqueous extract from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Elevated Plus Maze, Morris Water Maze, and Hebb-William Maze. Results indicated significant improvement in learning and memory abilities, particularly at doses of 150 and 225mg/kg (P<0.01). In a separate study, mice received daily doses (75, 120, 225, and 300mg/kg) of the aqueous licorice formulation for seven days. Amnesia induced by scopolamine (0.4mg/kg) and diazepam (1mg/kg, i.p.) was reversed, and learning and memory were enhanced at a dose of 150mg/kg. Other research on Wistar rats and mice highlighted that G. glabra's key components, including Glabridin and liquiritigenin, possessed memory-enhancing properties.^29-35

Antihyperglycemic activity:

The antihyperglycemic effects of 18-glycyrrhetinic acid, an aglycone of glycyrrhizin, were studied in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, normalizing gluconeogenic enzyme activities and glycogen levels. In another study using alloxan monohydrate-induced diabetes, G. glabra exhibited hypoglycaemic activity, reducing blood glucose levels from 214.8 to 102.9 mg/dL after 4 hours^36-38.

Antiulcer activity:

In vitro, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) demonstrated potent activity against 29 strains of Helicobacter pylori, inhibiting 79.3% at a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 50mg/L. Another study highlighted G. glabra's ability to reduce stomach output and create a protective mucus layer on the stomach lining, guarding against peptic ulcers and inflammatory diseases.^39-41

Anticancer activity:

In a mouse xenograft model, the study assessed the antitumor efficacy of liquorice extract alone and in combination with Cisplatin to protect against Cisplatin-induced toxicity. Oral treatment with liquorice extract significantly reduced tumor growth in a CT-26 mouse colon cancer xenograft model without adverse effects. The extract also notably decreased oxidative damage caused by cisplatin, suggesting its potential as a chemoprotective or anticancer drug. In a separate study, G. glabra demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of breast cancer MCF-7 cells.^42-44

Antioceceptive activity:

The antinociceptive activity of liquorice extracts was evaluated in Albino mice using models like acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions, tail flick, and formalin-induced hyperalgesia. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced constrictions (57.33% and 57.53% at 200 mg/kg). In the tail flick method, a noteworthy response was observed at 200mg/kg. These results indicate substantial antinociceptive activity in both extracts, suggesting involvement of central and peripheral mechanisms^45,46.

Testicular activity:

The study aimed to evaluate the aqueous licorice extract's impact on carbendazim-induced testicular toxicity in albino rats. Carbendazim increased malondialdehyde while decreasing superoxide dismutase and catalase levels. Co-administration of licorice and carbendazim significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and improved catalase and superoxide dismutase function, indicating the potential of licorice to mitigate testicular toxicity induced by carbendazim. In another study, G. glabra extract protected against Ochratoxin-induced testicular damage in matured Wistar rats by enhancing serum Total Antioxidant Power (TAOP) and Total Thiol Molecules (TTM) levels.^47,48

Deermatological effects:

Liquorice roots showed Anti-aging, Skin-whitening, Anti-acne and Depigmenting effects. Recent studies showed enormous decrease in skin melanin by preparation of glycyrrhiza glabra. A polyherbal facewash made up from Curcuma longa, Lemon Extract, Liquorice Extract, Kojic acid, AHA-BHA, Nicotinamide, Glycolic Acid, Salicylic acid, Vitamin E was considered as effective herbal preparation for Skin whitening-lightening face wash.^49-51

Nephroprotective activity:

Aqueous G. glabra preparation was evaluated for nephroprotective activity against CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity in male mice. G. glabra reduced elevated levels of WBC, urea, creatinine, and platelets, demonstrating its nephroprotective effect in experimental mice. In another study by Parakh B et al., G. glabra extract showed nephroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, improving histopathological damage, comparable to ascorbic acid and α-ketoanalogue.^52-⁵⁴

CONCLUSION:

In summary, this review highlighted licorice's diverse therapeutic benefits, historical significance, and potential in herbal medicine. Licorice, known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and respiratory/digestive health support, has promising active ingredients like glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, with positive outcomes in both lab and clinical studies. Its broad biological effects, including immune modulation, antiviral activity, and antioxidant properties, position it as a promising natural remedy. However, caution is advised due to potential adverse effects from excessive glycyrrhizin. Further research is needed for a comprehensive understanding, optimal dosages, and long-term safety. Standardizing extracts and ensuring quality control are crucial. In conclusion, licorice's rich history and potential make it significant in herbal medicine, expected to play a growing role in addressing various health concerns as scientific research advances.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Ashwini R. Madgulkar, Principal, AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Pune, for her encouragement and guidance.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. The authors are solely responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

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Received on 07.08.2023 Modified on 02.03.2024

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2024; 14(3):299-303.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2024.00048